He found that depressed participants took longer to disengage from depressive words than non-depressed participants. Then a square appeared on the screen and participants were asked to press a button to show where it was. (2005) showed participants a screen with positive, negative or neutral words on it. (2001) used the Beck depression inventory to monitor participants’ negative thoughts and found that people with depression misinterpret facts and experiences in a negative way and feel hopeless about the future. This supports the cognitive explanation that people with higher levels of depression have problems activating brain areas associated with cognitive control of emotional information. Lower levels of activation were found in the high depression group in brain areas requiring cognitive control over emotional stimuli (when processing happy and sad faces) but no differences were found between the two groups in brain areas not requiring such cognitive control (neutral faces and geometric shapes). Participants simultaneously had their brains scanned. Time taken to recognise which target stimulus was presented was measured. A single cue was presented on a screen along with 1 of 2 target stimuli (either * or **). Participants were given 3 facial stimuli cues: happy, sad and neutral (as well as a control geometric-shape cue). Thirteen females with low levels of depression were compared with 14 females with high levels of depression. (2010) investigated whether brain areas associated with cognitive control were affected by emotional stimuli in participants with depression. Therapists help patients realise how irrational their thinking is and encourage them to practise more optimistic thinking by reframing, which involves reinterpretation of the ABC in a more positive and logical way.īeevers et al. Cognitive treatments are based on modifying maladaptive thought processes to alter behavioural and emotional states - for example, rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT), which seeks to make irrational and negative thinking more rational and positive. Negative schemas and cognitive biases maintain the negative triad, three pessimistic thought patterns concerning the self, the world and the future.Įllis’ ABC model sees depression occurring through an activating agent (where an event occurs), a belief held about the event and a consequence involving a response to the event. negative self-evaluation schemas that constantly remind people with depression of their worthlessnessĪnd fuelled by cognitive biases (tendencies to think in particular ways) that make individuals misperceive reality in a negative way.self-blame schemas that make people with depression feel responsible for all misfortunes.ineptness schemas that make people with depression expect to fail.Beck (1987) saw people becoming depressed through negative schemas (tendencies to perceive the world negatively), consisting of: The cognitive approach sees depression as occurring as a result of maladaptive (irrational) thought processes. AQA A-level Psychology: Revision Made Easy - Jean-Marc Lawton 2017 The cognitive approach to explaining and treating depression Psychopathology
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